| Card # |
English |
English |
Image |
| 1 |
ADP |
an energy-depleted form of ATP |
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| 2 |
ATP |
within the mitochondria, the energy from the oxidation of foodstuffs is applied to the synthesis of ATP, the general chemical energy source for energy-requiring cellular processes. |
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| 3 |
Golgi apparatus |
closely stacked sacs of endoplasmic reticulum that serve as a sorting station for proteins sysnthesized by ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. |
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| 4 |
Haversian canal |
a central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves surrounded by each osteon. |
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| 5 |
abdominal quadrants |
dividing the abdomen into four quarters |
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| 6 |
abdominopelvic cavity |
the diaphragm divides the ventral body cavity into two parts: a superior part enclosed by the ribcage called the thoracic cavity, and the inferior abdominopelvic cavity. |
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| 7 |
adhesion molecules |
allows the cells of a tissue to recognize one another and stick together |
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| 8 |
adipocytes |
fat cells derived from fibroblasts. The interior of each adipocyte is dominated by a droplet of fat. |
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| 9 |
adipose tissue |
specialized tissue for the storage of fat |
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| 10 |
anatomical position |
the subject or patient is erect, facing the viewer, with feet pointed ahead, arms at sides, and the palms of the hands turned forward. |
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| 11 |
appendicular region |
one of the fundamental regions of the body, consisting of the llimbs or extremities |
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| 12 |
axial region |
one of the fundamental regions of the body, consisting of the head, neck and trunk |
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| 13 |
bilayer |
double layer |
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| 14 |
blood plasma |
a fluid component containing salts; organic solutes; dissolved gases and proteins |
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| 15 |
body cavities |
are hollow spaces within the body that contain internal organs: dorsal (includes cranial cavity and spinal canal), ventral (includes thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity), and scrotal (present in males only), |
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| 16 |
bone marrow |
the site of synthesis of blood cells in adults |
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| 17 |
canaliculus |
small channels that allow nutrients and oxygen to reach osteocytes and cellular wastes to be removed |
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| 18 |
cancellous bone |
bones consist of an outer covering of compact (dense) bone surrounding a core of cancellous (spongy) bone. |
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| 19 |
cardiac muscle |
makes up the wallls of the hearts and is responsible for circulating blood to all parts of the body. |
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| 20 |
cartilage |
a strong, flexible smooth materical composed of cllagen and chondroitin that, in adults, supports soft tissues; covers the ends of bones; and provides bearing surfaces for joints. |
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| 21 |
chondrocytes |
cells that secrete cartilage. |
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| 22 |
chondroitin |
a type of intercellular substance formed by connective tissues. A tough, flexible material that is a major component of cartilage, one form of connective tissue. |
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| 23 |
collagen |
a type of intercellular substance formed by connective tissues composed of giant, fibrous molecules that may be arranged in bundles or as a mesh |
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| 24 |
columnar |
cells that are cylindrical with heights greater than their widths |
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| 25 |
compact bone |
an outer covering that surrounds a core of cancellous bone composed of units called osteons. |
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| 26 |
connective tissue |
holds body parts together and contributes to the structural integrity of the other tissue types. |
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| 27 |
connective tissue proper |
composes a loosely arranged structural framework for almost every tissue. |
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| 28 |
cranial cavity |
within the skull, containing the brain |
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| 29 |
cuboidal |
cells that are approximately as wide as they are tall. |
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| 30 |
cytoplasm |
the intracellular fluid |
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| 31 |
cytoskeleton |
the scaffold of tilaments within the cytoplasm that allow the cell to maintain a form and to move. |
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| 32 |
differentiation |
a process in which unspecialized cells acquire specific cellular structures and become specialized to perform specific functions. |
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| 33 |
directional terms |
the terms used to decribe the relationshps of individual structures and regions |
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| 34 |
ectoderm |
in the earliest stages of embryonic devemopement, the outermose layer of the unspecialized embryonic cells that separate into three layers |
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| 35 |
elastin |
a type of intercellular substance formed by connective tissues composed of giant, fibrous moelcules that may be arranged in bundles or as a mesh |
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| 36 |
endocrined glands |
formed by epithelial cells, the endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers called hormones into the blood |
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| 37 |
endoderm |
in the earliest stages of embryonic development, the intermost layer of the unspecialized embryonic cells that separate into three layers |
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| 38 |
endoplasmic reticulum |
an internal membrane system that contains proteins and lipids destined for various metabolic fates within the cell, for secretion to the exterior, or for incorporation into the plasma membrane |
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| 39 |
epithelial tissue |
a specific tissue that develops from the ectoderm and endoderm, consisting of sheeets of cells. Typically, epithelia form barriers between the interior of the body and the external environment, covering the body's surface and lining hollow internal organs |
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| 40 |
erythrocytes |
red blood cells |
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| 41 |
exocrine glands |
secrete substances by way of ducts to the exterior, for example, the salicary glands of the mouth and the sweat glands of the skin |
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| 42 |
extrinsic |
extrinsic membrane proteins are less tightly attached and may be removed by chemical treatments that do no dissolve the membrane |
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| 43 |
fibroblasts |
characteristic cells that secrete intercellular materials |
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| 44 |
formed elements |
in the blood, formed elements include eythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells). and thrombocytes (platelets). |
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| 45 |
frontal section |
passes parallel to the midline and at right angles to the plane of the sagittal section and would divide the body into dorsal and ventral portions |
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| 46 |
glia |
support the neurons and maintain a favorable environment for their functions. |
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| 47 |
glycoproteins |
strands of sugar molecules attached to the proteins |
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| 48 |
horizontal section |
a cut at right angles to the midline and dividing the body into superior and inferior portions |
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| 49 |
hormones |
chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands. |
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| 50 |
hyaluronic acid |
a major type of intercellular substance formed by connective tissues. |
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| 51 |
intercellular material |
material secreted by fibroblasts |
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| 52 |
intermediate filaments |
one of three basic types of filaments within the cytoplasm that allows the cell to maintain a form and to move |
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| 53 |
intrinsic |
intrinsic membrane proteins are tightly associated with the membrane and in some cases span it from one side to the other |
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| 54 |
lacunnae |
spaces between the lamellae occupied by osteocytes |
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| 55 |
lamellae |
concentric rings of a mneralized intercellular substance surrounding the Haversian canal |
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| 56 |
leukocytes |
white blood cells |
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| 57 |
ligaments |
the stuctures that hold joints together |
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| 58 |
mesoderm |
in the earliest stages of embryonic development, the unspecialized embryonic cell layer that lies between the ectoderm and endoderm |
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| 59 |
microfilaments |
one of three basic types of filaments within the cytoplasm that allow the celll to maintain a form and to move |
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| 60 |
midline |
the median line or median plane of the body or some part of the body |
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| 61 |
midsagittal section |
if the body were sliced into equal right and left halves, this cut would pass through the sagittal plane along the midline of the body |
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| 62 |
mitochondria |
rod-like structures consisting of a double-bilayer membrane that are the site of the reactions of terminal oxidative metabolis. |
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| 63 |
neurons |
nervouse tissues that generate and conduct electrical impulses and communicate with other cells by way of chemical messages |
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| 64 |
nucleus |
contains the genetic material (DNA) together with molecules that affect expression of specific parts of the genetic code |
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| 65 |
organelles |
structures contained within the cytoplasm |
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| 66 |
osteoblasts |
osteocytes that synthesize bone |
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| 67 |
osteoclasts |
osteocytes that break down bone |
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| 68 |
osteocytes |
bone cells |
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| 69 |
osteons |
units of compact bone |
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| 70 |
oxidative phosphorylation |
the process in mitochondria that involve the reactions of terminal oxidative metabolism, where the energy from oxidation of foodstuffs is applied to the synthesis of ATP, and ADP |
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| 71 |
parasagittal planes |
planes that cut the body to the right or left of the midline, generating unequal portions. |
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| 72 |
plasma membrane |
the outer boundary of the cell containing membrane proteins embedded in it and attached to its surfaces |
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| 73 |
pseudostratified |
some simple epithelia, which are one cell layer thick, - they do consist of one cell layer, but some of the cells are not tall enough to reach all the way from one side of the sheet to the other |
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| 74 |
receptors |
membrane proteins that detect of chemical messages from other cells. |
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| 75 |
ribosomes |
an organelle composed of proteins and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) that synthesize proteins based on codes delivered to them in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA). |
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| 76 |
scrotal cavity |
a hollow internal space present only in males |
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| 77 |
simple epithelia |
one structural type of epithelia, one cell layer thick |
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| 78 |
skeletal msucle |
muscle attached to the bony skeleton that moves body parts relative to one another |
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| 79 |
smooth muscle |
muscle that surrounds hollow internal organs, including the stomach and intestine, the air passages in the lungs, and blood vessels. Also forms the iris of the eye |
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| 80 |
spinal cord |
contained within the vertebral (or spinal) canal within the vertebral column (spine). |
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| 81 |
spinal roots |
contained within the vertebral (or spinal) canal within the vertebral column (spine), as part of the spinal cord |
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| 82 |
squamous |
cells that are flattened nad resemble paving stones |
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| 83 |
stem cells |
within tissue, required cells that regenerate new differentiated cells |
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| 84 |
stratified epithelia |
one structural type of epithelia, composed of multiple cell layers |
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| 85 |
tendons |
the structures that connect skeletal muscles with the bony skeleton |
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| 86 |
thoracic cavity |
a sheet of muscle, that divides the ventral body cavity into two parts: a superior part enclosed by the ribcage called the thoracic cavity, and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity |
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| 87 |
thrombocytes, platelets |
a component in blood |
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| 88 |
trabeculae |
a mineralized meshwork in cancellous bone |
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| 89 |
transport proteins |
determine what goes into and out of the cell |
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| 90 |
transverse section |
the horizontal plane that is the result of a horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
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| 91 |
ventral body cavity |
contains the soft internal organs |
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| 92 |
vertebral canal |
the spinal canal within the verterbral column |
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| 93 |
vertebral column |
the spine |
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| 94 |
viscera |
the soft internal organs |
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